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London Plumbers, Plumbing in London, 24 Hour Plumber London https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing
http://expert-plumbers.co.uk/ - Plumbing in London Expert Plumbers!
Plumbing (which comes from the Latin word plumbum, which means lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the job of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and getting cleared of waste. A plumber is somebody who fixes or puts in piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment for example water heaters. Many plumbers are construction workers. The plumbing industry is an important part of every developed economy because people need clean water and safe ways to move and store waste.[1 -

Plumbing refers to a system of pipes and fixtures put in a building to move water and the get cleared of waste that's in water. Plumbing is different from water and sewage systems because plumbing system serves one building, while sewage and water systems serve a group of buildings or a city.

Contents [hide -
1 History
2 Materials
3 Regulation
4 References
History[change | change source -

Roman lead pipe at the Roman Baths in Bath, England, with a seam that is folded
Until modern cities grew in the 19th century., plumbing was rare At about the same time, public health leaders began wanting better systems to get cleared of waste. Before this, people got rid of waste by collecting it and dumping it onto the ground or into rivers. However, there were some plumbing pipes in the city settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C.[2 - Plumbing was also used during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they built public baths and needed drinking water, and somewhere to drain waste. The Romans used pipe inscriptions to stop people from stealing water.

These systems didn't improve much over the years. There were almost no improvements from the time of the Roman aqueducts and sewers until the 19th century. Eventually the development of sewage systems and separate, underground water got rid of open sewage ditches and cesspools. Most large cities today send solid wastes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. Treatment makes the water more pure before it goes into streams or other bodies of water and separates water from waste. Most places stopped for drinking water after World War II because of the dangers of lead poisoning, using lead. At this time, copper piping was started because it was safer than using lead pipes.[3 -

Materials[change | change source -
Water systems in ancient times used gravity to move water. They used channels or pipes usually made of lead, clay, bamboo or stone. Today, water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are made of copper,[4 - brass, plastic, or other material that is nontoxic. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead isn't used in pipes today because it can be poisonous.[5 - [6 - [7 -

Piping being placed for a sink

Plumber wrench for working on pipes and fittings
The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. Where a tube is made through extrusion, a pipe is usually made by casting or welding. Pipe has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubes have thinner walls, and needs special joining techniques including 'brazing', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.

In addition to the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, for example valves, elbows, tees, and unions.

Plumbing fixtures are designed for the people who use the water. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazier - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazier
Glazier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the surname, see Glazier (surname).

A glazier at the job, 1946.

This Deutsche Bundespost postage stamp, issued in 1986, commemorates glaziers.
A glazier is an experienced tradesman responsible for trimming, setting up, and removing glass (and materials used as substitutes for glass, such as some plastics).[1 - Glaziers may work with glass in a variety of surfaces and settings, such as home windows, doors, shower doors, skylights, storefronts, displays, mirrors, facades, interior walls, ceilings, and tabletops.[1 - [2 -

Contents [hide -
1 Responsibilities and tools
2 Education and training Glaziers Camden Town, Regent's Park, NW1, Glazing http://glaziers-camden-town.co.uk - Show more>>>
3 Occupational hazards
4 In america
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Responsibilities and tools[edit -

A set of glazier tools
The Occupational View Handbook of the U.S. Section of Labor lists the following as typical tasks for a glazier:

Follow specifications or blueprints
Remove any old or broken glass before installing replacement glass
Cut glass to the specified shape and size
Make or install sashes or moldings for cup installation
Fasten cup into frames or sashes with clips, moldings, or other types of fasteners
Add weather seal or putty around pane edges to seal bones.[3 -
The Country wide Occupational Analysis acknowledged by the Canadian Council of Directors of Apprenticeship separates the trade into 5 obstructs of skills, each with a list of skills, and a list of tasks and subtasks a journeyman is likely to be able to accomplish:[4 -

Stop A - Occupational Skills

1. Uses and maintains equipment and tools

2. Organizes work

3. Performs routine activities

Stop B - Commercial Windowpane and Door Systems

4. Fabricates commercial home window and door systems

5. Installs commercial screen and door systems

Block C - Residential Door and Windowpane Systems

6. Installs residential home window systems

7. Installs residential door systems

Stop D - Niche Glass and Products

8. Installs and Fabricates area of expertise cup and products

9. Installs cup systems on vehicles

Stop E - Servicing

10. Services commercial screen and door systems

11. Services home windows and door systems

12. Services specialty cup and products.

Tools utilized by glaziers "include reducing boards, glass-cutting blades, straightedges, glazing kitchen knives, saws, drills, grinders, putty, and glazing compounds."[1 -

Some glaziers work specifically with glass in automobiles; other use the safety cup found in aircraft specifically.[1 - [3 -

Education and training[edit -
Glaziers are usually educated at the senior high school diploma or equal level and find out the skills of the trade through an apprenticeship program, which in the U.S. is typically four years.[3 -

In the U.S., apprenticeship programs are offered through the National Cup Association as well as trade organizations and local contractors' associations. Construction-industry glaziers are people of the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades frequently.[1 -

In Ontario, Canada, apprenticeships are offered at the provincial level and qualified through the Ontario College of Trades.[5 -

Other provinces manage their own apprenticeship programs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window)
The Trade of Glazier is a designated Red Seal Trade in Canada.[6 -

Occupational hazards[edit -
Occupational hazards encountered by glaziers include the risks of being cut by glass or tools and falling from scaffolds or ladders.[1 - [3 - The use of heavy equipment could also cause injury: the Country wide Institute for Occupational Security and Health (NIOSH) reported in 1990 a journeyman glazier died within an industrial incident in Indiana after attempting to use a manlift to transport a thousand-pound case of cup which the manlift didn't have capacity to carry.[7 -

In the United States[edit -
Based on the Occupational Outlook Handbook, there are a few 45,300 glaziers in america, with median pay of $38,410 per calendar year in 2014.[3 - Two-thirds of Glaziers work in the foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors industry, with smaller figures employed in building supplies and materials working, building finishing contracting, automotive maintenance and repair, and glass and glass product manufacturing.[2 - [3 -

Among the 50 states, only Florida and Connecticut require glaziers to hold a license.[3 -

See also[edit -
Architectural glass
Glazing in architecture
Insulated glazing
Stained glass
Glass manufacturing
Glassblowing

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